Geographical Distribution
The bata fish is found across India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. In India, it inhabits various river systems, including the Ganges along with its tributaries like Yamuna, Chambal and Betwa, the Brahmaputra (main stem and tributaries such as Subansiri, Siang and Dibang), the Mahanadi and its tributaries, Cauvery River system, Krishna River system. The Godavari River system, the Moyal River system and the Bhavani River system. Additionally, this species is found in several lakes, including Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal, Buxa, Adma and Jayanti.

General Information  
Bata fish are relatively fast swimmers, capable of reaching speeds of 15-20 km per hour. Spawning occurs during July and August, with each individual spawning only once, as the onset of spawning is directly influenced by the monsoon season. These fishes are commonly found in clear or slightly turbid waters with moderate to fast currents and a rocky or gravelly substrate. They prefer habitats with ample spots, such as submerged logs or rocks, with provide protection from predators and resting sports during the day. Known to be migratory, bata fish move upstream during the monsoon season to spawn. They are tolerant of a wide range of water temperatures and pH levels. Omnivorous by nature, their diet consists of algae, aquatic plants, insects, crustaceans and small fish.  

Threats
- Loss of habitat and overexploitation.
- Indiscriminate killing of fry and fingerlings.
- Overfishing.
- Pollution, siltation and other ecological changes.